我们提出了Cortexode，这是一种用于皮质表面重建的深度学习框架。 Cortexode利用神经普通微分方程（ODE）通过学习差异流来使输入表面变形为目标形状。表面上的点的轨迹将其建模为ODE，其中其坐标的衍生物通过可学习的Lipschitz-Conluble变形网络进行了参数化。这为预防自身干扰提供了理论保证。 Cortexode可以集成到基于自动学习的管道上，该管道可在不到5秒钟内有效地重建皮质表面。该管道利用3D U-NET来预测大脑磁共振成像（MRI）扫描的白质分割，并进一步生成代表初始表面的签名距离函数。引入快速拓扑校正以确保对球体的同构。遵循等曲面提取步骤，对两个Cortexode模型进行了训练，以分别将初始表面变形为白质和曲面。在包括新生儿（25-45周），年轻人（22-36岁）和老年受试者（55-90岁）（55-90岁）（55-90岁）的各个年龄段的大规模神经图像数据集上对拟议的管道进行评估。我们的实验表明，与常规处理管道相比，基于Cortexode的管道可以达到平均几何误差的平均几何误差小于0.2mm的平均几何误差。

Plastic shopping bags that get carried away from the side of roads and tangled on cotton plants can end up at cotton gins if not removed before the harvest. Such bags may not only cause problem in the ginning process but might also get embodied in cotton fibers reducing its quality and marketable value. Therefore, it is required to detect, locate, and remove the bags before cotton is harvested. Manually detecting and locating these bags in cotton fields is labor intensive, time-consuming and a costly process. To solve these challenges, we present application of four variants of YOLOv5 (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x) for detecting plastic shopping bags using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-acquired RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) images. We also show fixed effect model tests of color of plastic bags as well as YOLOv5-variant on average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP@50) and accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the effect of height of plastic bags on the detection accuracy. It was found that color of bags had significant effect (p < 0.001) on accuracy across all the four variants while it did not show any significant effect on the AP with YOLOv5m (p = 0.10) and YOLOv5x (p = 0.35) at 95% confidence level. Similarly, YOLOv5-variant did not show any significant effect on the AP (p = 0.11) and accuracy (p = 0.73) of white bags, but it had significant effects on the AP (p = 0.03) and accuracy (p = 0.02) of brown bags including on the mAP@50 (p = 0.01) and inference speed (p < 0.0001). Additionally, height of plastic bags had significant effect (p < 0.0001) on overall detection accuracy. The findings reported in this paper can be useful in speeding up removal of plastic bags from cotton fields before harvest and thereby reducing the amount of contaminants that end up at cotton gins.

在不失去先前学习的情况下学习新任务和技能（即灾难性遗忘）是人为和生物神经网络的计算挑战，但是人工系统努力与其生物学类似物达成平等。哺乳动物的大脑采用众多神经手术来支持睡眠期间的持续学习。这些是人工适应的成熟。在这里，我们研究了建模哺乳动物睡眠的三个不同组成部分如何影响人工神经网络中的持续学习：（1）在非比型眼运动（NREM）睡眠期间观察到的垂直记忆重播过程； （2）链接到REM睡眠的生成记忆重播过程； （3）已提出的突触降压过程，以调整信噪比和支持神经保养。在评估持续学习CIFAR-100图像分类基准上的性能时，我们发现将所有三个睡眠组件的包含在内。在以后的任务期间，训练和灾难性遗忘在训练过程中提高了最高准确性。尽管某些灾难性遗忘在网络培训过程中持续存在，但更高水平的突触缩减水平会导致更好地保留早期任务，并进一步促进随后培训期间早期任务准确性的恢复。一个关键的要点是，在考虑使用突触缩小范围的水平时，手头有一个权衡 - 更具侵略性的缩减更好地保护早期任务，但较少的缩减可以增强学习新任务的能力。中级水平可以在训练过程中与最高的总体精度达到平衡。总体而言，我们的结果都提供了有关如何适应睡眠组件以增强人工连续学习系统的洞察力，并突出了未来神经科学睡眠研究的领域，以进一步进一步进行此类系统。

已知新生儿皮质表面受早产的影响，随后对皮质组织的变化与较差的神经发育结局有关。深层生成模型有可能导致临床上可解释的疾病模型，但是在皮质表面开发这些模型是具有挑战性的，因为已建立的学习卷积过滤器的技术不适当地不适合非弹性拓扑。为了缩小这一差距，我们使用混合模型CNN（MONET）实现了基于表面的自行车，以在皮质成熟度不同阶段之间翻译球形新生儿皮质表面特征（曲率和T1W/T2W皮质髓磷脂）。结果表明，我们的方法能够可靠地预测妊娠后期皮质组织单个模式的变化，并通过与纵向数据进行比较验证。并通过与训练有素的术语/早产子进行比较来验证早产和妊娠期（> 37周妊娠）之间的外观。皮质成熟的模拟差异与文献中的观察结果一致。

随着各种公开的AI伦理原则的共识，差距仍然可以随时采用设计和开发负责任的AI系统。我们研究了来自澳大利亚国家科学研究机构（CSIRO）的研究人员和工程师的实践和经验，他们参与设计和开发AI系统的一系列目的。半结构化访谈用于检查参与者的做法如何与澳大利亚政府提出的一套高级AI伦理原则涉及并对齐。原则包括：隐私保护和安全，可靠性和安全性，透明度和解释性，公平性，竞争性，责任，人以人为本的价值观和人类，社会与环境福祉。研究了研究人员和工程师的见解以及在原则的实际应用中为它们提供的挑战。最后，提供了一系列组织响应，以支持实施高级AI道德原则。

具有更多数据，计算和参数的缩放语言模型在自然语言处理方面取得了重大进展。例如，由于缩放，GPT-3能够在内心学习任务上实现强烈结果。但是，培训这些大密度模型需要大量的计算资源。在本文中，我们提出并开发了名为Glam（通用语言模型）的语言模型系列，它使用稀疏激活的专家架构来规模模型容量，同时与致密变体相比，也产生显着更少的训练成本。最大的Glam具有1.2万亿参数，比GPT-3大约为7倍。它仅消耗了用于训练GPT-3的1/3的能量，并且需要一半的计算拖鞋进行推理，同时仍然在29个NLP任务中实现更好的整体零射击和一次性性能。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.